{"id":2313,"date":"2025-06-24T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-06-24T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/?p=2313"},"modified":"2026-06-18T07:55:22","modified_gmt":"2026-06-18T07:55:22","slug":"ars-display-dilemma-a-comparative-study-of-lcos-vs-microled","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/ars-display-dilemma-a-comparative-study-of-lcos-vs-microled\/","title":{"rendered":"AR&#8217;s Display Dilemma: A Comparative Study of LCoS vs. MicroLED"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2313\" class=\"elementor elementor-2313\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20a29f8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"20a29f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4287ba4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4287ba4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ac93e2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7ac93e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-130c8f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"130c8f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Modern technology products increasingly require hardware miniaturization and stringent power efficiency. In the display industry, key components such as light engines and waveguide optics must be optimized to deliver high performance while meeting the size and power constraints of next- generation display systems.\u00a0<\/p><p>In the virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) industries, as devices become smaller, such as gaming headsets and smart glasses, these device requirements become even more critical. The difference between VR and AR is that in AR systems, displays are Optical-See-Through (OST) where digital elements are overlaid into the user\u2019s real world field of view. By contrast, in VR systems, the entire environment is digital, replacing the real world as a simulated one, sometimes with a Video-See-Through (VST) approach.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbafffb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"dbafffb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d43f70a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d43f70a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"323\" src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_1_waveguideeyes.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2315\" alt=\"AR glasses diagram\" srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_1_waveguideeyes.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_1_waveguideeyes-300x194.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: primary components of AR glasses [2]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1ef29e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c1ef29e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d550103 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d550103\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This paper will focus on AR displays as used in Augmented Reality (AR) glasses. AR glasses are OST \u201cwearable devices that incorporate AR technology to overlay digital content onto the user\u2019s real-world view\u201d [1]. Recently, audio focused glasses have been developed for consumer applications that have been limited to video capture of the surrounding environment with audio queries, providing only audio feedback to the user (such as Meta Ray-Ban). New developments in miniaturization of hardware and cost reductions in light engines and waveguides are now making rich visuals in AR glasses possible. With these advancements, AR glasses can be used for many applications:<\/p><ul><li>Multimodal agentic AI assistant &#8211; cameras and audio input on AI devices can aid in object recognition, memory enhancement, and relay information to the user<\/li><li>Augmented navigation &#8211; real-time feedback for walking\/driving overlaying directions and information about the surroundings<\/li><li>Communication &#8211; real time language translation, facilitating video calls, allowing the user to share their physical environment<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>In general, AR displays consist of two main components: the light engine (and associated electronics\/optics) for creating the image, and a waveguide to project\/deliver the image to the eye. Figure 1 shows how these components work together in AR glasses.<\/p><p>The light engine projects an image into the input grating of the waveguide, which uses total internal reflection to redirect the image to the viewer\u2019s eye through an output grating. Note the glasses can include a prescription correction lens also.<\/p><p>For the light engine of AR glasses, there are only two practical choices due to size and brightness required: Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) and Micro Light Emitting Diode (microLED).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88cde37 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"88cde37\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4588f91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4588f91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. MicroLED light engines<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55d66f3 e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"55d66f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd32a80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd32a80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>MicroLED technology as the light engine for AR glasses has caused quite a buzz in the industry in the last several years, with promises of high brightness, small sizes, fast response time, and high image quality. But this relatively new technology has some fundamental limitations in performance, along with significant manufacturing difficulties.<\/p><p>There can sometimes be a bit of confusion on terminology, as many people are familiar with classic LEDs, which are fairly large in size. Smaller sizes are referred to as \u201cminiLEDs\u201d and \u201cmicroLEDs\u201d as shown in Figure 2<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6020272 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6020272\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure_2_LED_Sizes-ropkf4f6dp3nzbtk67bdklb9fck0rw0kdaibl70pmy.png\" title=\"Figure_2_LED_Sizes\" alt=\"Different LED sizes\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 400px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 400\/225;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 2: LED sizes [3]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2c0baf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f2c0baf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-104a5c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"104a5c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A MicroLED differs from a standard LED in that the microLEDs are tiny, typically &lt;10\u00b5m size in AR, individual LED devices integrated directly on a silicon backplane that create individual color pixels by emitting the light directly. Initial microLED systems are monochromatic, consisting of a single color array of microLEDs.<\/p><p>While monochrome microLEDs are fairly easy to produce and use, one of the primary real-world difficulties of implementation comes when trying to produce full color displays. Several different methods have been used [4]:<\/p><ol><li>Using separate monochromatic RGB microLED arrays, combining the 3 arrays using an X-cube dichroic prism. The cube itself is a complex assembly made by joining four right-angle prisms together, each with its own set of coatings, which have to be precisely aligned:<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8a60ca e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a8a60ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4994304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4994304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"460\" height=\"428\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_3_JBD-AR-VR-MR-X-Cube_only.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2320 lazyload\" alt=\"X-cube dichroic prism used to separate RGB micro LED outputs\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_3_JBD-AR-VR-MR-X-Cube_only.png 460w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_3_JBD-AR-VR-MR-X-Cube_only-300x279.png 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 460px) 100vw, 460px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 460px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 460\/428;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 3: Using X-cube prism to combine separate R, G, B microLED outputs [5]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d98ac3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7d98ac3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f92ca0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f92ca0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol start=\"2\">\n \t<li>Integrating separately produced RGB microLEDs onto a single backplane using pick and place:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5805d1e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5805d1e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c12e387 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c12e387\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_4_RGB_Wafers_pick_and_Place-1024x683.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2321 lazyload\" alt=\"RGB microLED made by pick and place\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_4_RGB_Wafers_pick_and_Place-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_4_RGB_Wafers_pick_and_Place-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_4_RGB_Wafers_pick_and_Place-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_4_RGB_Wafers_pick_and_Place-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_4_RGB_Wafers_pick_and_Place.png 1800w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/534;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 4: RGB microLED panel made by combining RGB \u00b5LED chips made on separate wafers by pick-and-place [3]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a72486 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8a72486\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-561a55a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"561a55a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol start=\"3\"><li><div>Using a monochrome LED array and adding a color conversion layer (typically quantum dots). This is usually done by using a blue microLED panel, and converting to red and green through he quantum dot layer (blue does not need conversion), see Figure 5.<\/div><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e5b90c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0e5b90c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49b8e86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"49b8e86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_5_RGB_through_QDs-1024x683.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2322 lazyload\" alt=\"RGB microLED made using a quantum dot layer\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_5_RGB_through_QDs-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_5_RGB_through_QDs-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_5_RGB_through_QDs-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_5_RGB_through_QDs-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_5_RGB_through_QDs.png 1800w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/534;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 5: Monochrome blue panel, with red and green output converted via quantum dot layer [3]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb0b134 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bb0b134\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61b776e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61b776e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol start=\"4\"><li>Directly growing multi-color microLEDs on the same substrate.<\/li><\/ol><div>\u00a0<\/div><div>Each of these methods for making a full color AR display from microLEDs has its own set of drawbacks, both performance-based and particularly for manufacturing.<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-792835b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"792835b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0548be9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0548be9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">3. LCoS light engines<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e55003 e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7e55003\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73e25f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73e25f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) uses an active matrix liquid crystal display (LCD) on top of a reflective silicon backplane. LCD panels have been around for a long time, and are the basis for most flat- screen televisions\/ monitors. LCD panels can be either transmissive or reflective (Figure 6).<\/p><p>Reflective LCoS light engines were initially miniaturized and productized for use in projection systems beginning in the early 2000s, and have advanced rapidly since then. As an example, Google Glass used a reflective LCoS engine back in 2013. [7]<\/p><p>Conventional LCoS architectures use a polarizing beam splitter (PBS) cube to deliver the input illumination to the panel and then project the output to the input coupler of the waveguide. PBS systems are difficult to manufacture and take up valuable volume to the light engine assembly (see section 4.1.1). Additionally, PBS cube architectures have limitations on efficiency and contrast.<\/p><p>Avegant\u2019s LCoS light engines overcome these limitations and manufacturing difficulties. Figure 7 shows the illumination architecture differences between a PBS implementation and Avegant\u2019s much smaller LCoS system.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd90753 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cd90753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"414\" height=\"504\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_6_LCD_vs_LCos_from_Azom_article.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2326 lazyload\" alt=\"Transmissive and reflective LCoS panels\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_6_LCD_vs_LCos_from_Azom_article.png 414w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_6_LCD_vs_LCos_from_Azom_article-246x300.png 246w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 414px) 100vw, 414px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 414px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 414\/504;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 6: Transmissive and reflective LCoS panels - [6]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10b74f6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10b74f6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b06416 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4b06416\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"324\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_7_Conventional_vs_Avegant_LCoS_2_simple_tight_crop.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2327 lazyload\" alt=\"Conventional LCoS versus Avegant LCoS architecture\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_7_Conventional_vs_Avegant_LCoS_2_simple_tight_crop.png 919w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_7_Conventional_vs_Avegant_LCoS_2_simple_tight_crop-300x121.png 300w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_7_Conventional_vs_Avegant_LCoS_2_simple_tight_crop-768x311.png 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/324;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 7: Conventional LCoS architecture (left) and Avegant LCoS architecture (right) [3]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98f8cee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"98f8cee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ebba7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ebba7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4. Detailed comparison<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8a238d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b8a238d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ff527d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3ff527d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Avegant LCoS technology versus microLED technology as light engine for AR glasses:<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3824596 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3824596\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a87872 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9a87872\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4.1 Effective size:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7c8760 e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b7c8760\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b05876 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4b05876\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"295\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_8_Composite-1024x378.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2328 lazyload\" alt=\"Historical AR systems\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_8_Composite-1024x378.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_8_Composite-300x111.jpg 300w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_8_Composite-768x284.jpg 768w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_8_Composite.jpg 1137w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/295;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 8: Historical AR systems-2025 [3], (1968, 1994, 2019) [9]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ab327 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"37ab327\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>Moving from headsets to AR glasses requires that the<\/div><div>light engine (and associated electronics) be as small<\/div><div>as possible, as shown in these images (left).<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div>Today\u2019s AR glasses are now small enough to be almost indistinguishable from standard vision glasses. AR glasses today use waveguides integrated in the glasses frame (see Figure 1), enabling a standard glasses size front frame.<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div>The remainder of the glasses\u2019 volume is the result of the size and integration of the light engine used and the necessary electronics.<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2f7e28 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e2f7e28\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-395d672 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"395d672\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4.1.1 Size of microLED light engine:<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d8ffe1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0d8ffe1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eecad34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eecad34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Manufacturers of MicroLEDs often use \u201csmall size\u201d as one of their largest selling points. For example, the JBD Hummingbird I polychrome microLED light engine is advertised to have a 0.4cc volume. It is important to note, however, that this 0.4cc volume is just for the light engine optics itself, not the total space claim of the solution, which is typically much larger for the following reasons.<\/p><p>First, these microLED systems require the use of demura memory to correct for the non-uniformity of brightness and color across each of the microLED arrays (see Figure 20). This memory takes up added space (for each of the 3 panels) beyond the light engine itself and results in a large flex cable not represented in the volume measurement.<\/p><p>Second, these systems are very sensitive to heat, and typically require an integrated heatsink with each microLED panel (one each for R,G,B) to improve performance. These heatsinks substantially increase the volume, dimensions and weight required.<\/p><p>Third, microLED panels have very reflective surfaces, which causes ghosts in the image due to reflection from the waveguide input coupler (see Figure 19, up to 20% of the light can be reflected).<\/p><p>The simplest way to reduce this effect is to introduce an angular tilt offset of the AR light engine relative to the input coupler. To avoid ghosts, the angular tilt should approximately be larger than half the Field of View (FOV) being created. So, for a 30\u00b0 FOV in the AR glasses, a ~&gt;15\u00b0 tilt has to be introduced to the light engine to waveguide integration, which substantially increases the overall effective volume in glasses.<\/p><p>While the JBD Hummingbird I polychrome system advertises as having a 0.4cc volume, once the above factors are considered , the effective volume of the device can exceed 2cc, more than 5x the original advertised volume as shown in Figure 9. The JBD Hummingbird I is advertised as 640&#215;480 pixel resolution (approximately 26 pixels per degree (PPD)).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-364753d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"364753d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6d7db4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e6d7db4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"191\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_9_JBird_MicroLED_Real_size_NEW_6-9-25_crop-1024x244.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2329 lazyload\" alt=\"JBD Hummingbird I microLED assembly volume requirements\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_9_JBird_MicroLED_Real_size_NEW_6-9-25_crop-1024x244.png 1024w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_9_JBird_MicroLED_Real_size_NEW_6-9-25_crop-300x72.png 300w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_9_JBird_MicroLED_Real_size_NEW_6-9-25_crop-768x183.png 768w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_9_JBird_MicroLED_Real_size_NEW_6-9-25_crop.png 1244w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/191;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 9: JBD Hummingbird I actual volume requirements [3]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0ac8c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b0ac8c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"175\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_10_JBD_Hummingbird_I_Picture_2-300x175.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2330 lazyload\" alt=\"Images of JBD Hummingbird I microLED assembly\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_10_JBD_Hummingbird_I_Picture_2-300x175.jpg 300w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_10_JBD_Hummingbird_I_Picture_2-1024x599.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_10_JBD_Hummingbird_I_Picture_2-768x449.jpg 768w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_10_JBD_Hummingbird_I_Picture_2.jpg 1127w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 300px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 300\/175;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 10: Images of the JBD Hummingbird I (from Rayneo X2) with its heat sinks and demura memory - [3]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d744eaf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d744eaf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e97322 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9e97322\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4.1.2 Size of Avegant LCoS light engine<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aff4baf e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"aff4baf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38282f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"38282f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Avegant AG-30L2 light engine (Figure 11) also has a 30\u00b0 field of view, is only 1.4cc in total volume, and has higher resolution (720&#215;720 pixels at 34 PPD). Note that the AG-30L2 does not require demura, or heat sinking and it has embedded ghost mitigation<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bd2a27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1bd2a27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_11_Avegant_AG-302L_LCoS_light_engine-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-2331 lazyload\" alt=\"Avegant AG-30L2 LCos light engine\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 150px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 150\/150;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 11: Avegant AG-30L2 LCoS light engine [3]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a63ffe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2a63ffe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c94956 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9c94956\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4.1.3 Comparison of LCoS vs. microLED in AR glasses:<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e9297 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a2e9297\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-861bd3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"861bd3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>LCoS light engines can have a smaller effective size when fully integrated into AR glasses. The image in Figure 12 shows a real-world comparison of two sets of glasses (at the same scale), with the image split to show the difference in size between glasses with Avegant\u2019s LCoS versus a microLED display.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65327c1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"65327c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22570b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"22570b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"320\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_12_NEW_AR_Glasses_Avegant_versus_Humminbird_white_bkgrd-1024x410.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2333 lazyload\" alt=\"Comparison of Avegant LCoS versus JBD microLED in AR glasses\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_12_NEW_AR_Glasses_Avegant_versus_Humminbird_white_bkgrd-1024x410.png 1024w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_12_NEW_AR_Glasses_Avegant_versus_Humminbird_white_bkgrd-300x120.png 300w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_12_NEW_AR_Glasses_Avegant_versus_Humminbird_white_bkgrd-768x307.png 768w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_12_NEW_AR_Glasses_Avegant_versus_Humminbird_white_bkgrd-1536x615.png 1536w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_12_NEW_AR_Glasses_Avegant_versus_Humminbird_white_bkgrd-2048x820.png 2048w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/320;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 12: Comparison of Avegant AG-30L2 (left) versus JBD Hummingbird I (right) shown on Rayneo X3 Pro - [3]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd8b33b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"dd8b33b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50aa710 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"50aa710\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4.2 Efficiency:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c75c4ea e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c75c4ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-149dc21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"149dc21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Efficiency is very important in AR glasses applications. Efficiency usually refers to \u201cenergy conversion efficiency\u201d defined as \u201cthe ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion machine and the input, in energy terms\u201d [10]. The luminous efficacy of the light engine is the ratio of input electrical power to the emitted light power at output.<\/p><p>In the case of AR glasses, the energy conversion machine is the light engine and the waveguide, so it is essentially the ratio of light output power delivered to the eye divided by the input electrical power consumed. Critically, the luminous efficacy of the overall system takes into account both the luminous efficacy of the light engine and the efficiency of the waveguide, but it must be viewed as an overall system. In other words, you can not simply multiply the luminous efficacy of the light engine by the luminous efficacy of the waveguide, as factors like the efficiency of the engine to waveguide coupling can have a large impact on the overall system\u2019s luminous efficacy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1de76f8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1de76f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-645f6ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"645f6ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4.2.1 \u00c9tendue:<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35b9327 e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"35b9327\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b32f4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b32f4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To understand the overall system efficiency of an AR display, \u00e9tendue must be considered as it is a fundamental optical property of these systems. \u00c9tendue \u201cis a property of light in an optical system, which characterizes how \u2018spread out\u2019 the light is in area and angle\u201d [11]. It is defined as the product of the emitter size and the emitted angle of the light (see Figure 13).<\/p><p>A key concept is that \u00e9tendue is subject to the law of conservation of energy: the \u00e9tendue of an optical system will be the same throughout the system, unless some form of loss is introduced (i.e. \u00e9tendue can not be reduced without losing optical energy). For instance, in the example in Figure 13, the microLED light source could be focused down to a similar projection size as the LCoS by introducing an aperture in front of it, but there will be a huge loss of \u00e9tendue because only a small amount of the original emitted light can be captured. This can not be resolved through optics.<\/p><p>A fundamental issue of all microLED light engines is that they have a large starting \u00e9tendue by their very nature, for two reasons: 1. The size of the panel (consisting of the array of microLEDs) is large and 2. The individual microLEDs have large emission angles. The \u00e9tendue is the product of the emitter size and emitted angle of light.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf28055 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bf28055\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_13_Etendue_large_and_small_w_coupling_generic-1024x768.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2335 lazyload\" alt=\"Starting \u00e9tendue difference for LCoS vs. microLED\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_13_Etendue_large_and_small_w_coupling_generic-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_13_Etendue_large_and_small_w_coupling_generic-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_13_Etendue_large_and_small_w_coupling_generic-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_13_Etendue_large_and_small_w_coupling_generic-1536x1152.png 1536w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_13_Etendue_large_and_small_w_coupling_generic.png 1800w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/600;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 13: Starting \u00e9tendue difference for an example 30\u00b0 FoV system, LCoS vs.MicroLED.  This example shows a ~94% loss of light in a MicroLED system due to \u00e9tendue mismatch [3]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b71c4e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4b71c4e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5abb91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f5abb91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This is not optimal for AR glass systems, as the large starting \u00e9tendue of microLEDs is much larger than the \u00e9tendue limit required for waveguides. The input coupling of the waveguide typically has much smaller dimensions and limited angles, causing an immediate loss of \u00e9tendue from the microLED engine and a significant loss of light. Figures 13 (above) and 14 (below) demonstrate this.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2506c7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b2506c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2899f7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2899f7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Furthermore, optics cannot reduce the starting \u00e9tendue as the \u00e9tendue is created at the point of light generation. Attempts to further shrink the pixel area of the microLED array result in either much lower resolution or smaller pixel sizes that reduce the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the pixel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e310281 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e310281\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_14_6-9-25-1024x576.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2342 lazyload\" alt=\"Waveguide coupling loss\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_14_6-9-25-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_14_6-9-25-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_14_6-9-25-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_14_6-9-25.png 1280w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/450;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 14:  Waveguide coupling loss - [3]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2171789 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2171789\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0db8abb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0db8abb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4.2.2 Polarization<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14190a4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"14190a4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae2bbfb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae2bbfb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Adding to \u00e9tendue issues, most waveguides are more efficient and have better performance with polarized light. Most waveguides have 20% to 40% coupling loss when non-polarized light is used as the input [12]. MicroLEDs produce unpolarized light, hence suffer from a loss of efficiency due to lack of polarization. Adding a polarizer to a microLED would significantly reduce its efficiency.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fd7f29 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5fd7f29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-459c6d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"459c6d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4.2.3 Avegant LCoS versus microLED efficiency:<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eff03f3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"eff03f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e66f2f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e66f2f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Avegant LCoS light engine does not suffer from the \u00e9tendue efficiency losses (see Figure 13) or losses due to polarization as do microLED systems, maintaining high luminous efficacy through the entire system. With LCoS systems, the starting \u00e9tendue is carefully selected to match the target \u00e9tendue of the waveguide input coupler, as the LED emitter size (source illumination) has flexibility to change, independent of panel or pixel size. As with any LCoS system, the output light is already polarized before entrance to the glasses waveguide, eliminating coupling loss due to polarization.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22c389e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"22c389e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04835a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"04835a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4.3 Average Pixel Lit (APL) limitations:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2749fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d2749fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c7d3cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3c7d3cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>An advantageous property of microLED versus LCoS is that the microLED power consumption is roughly proportional to the Average Pixel Value (APV, also known as Average Pixel Lit = APL) [8]. APL is essentially the average overall output of all pixels in an image as compared to output of a full white image (all pixels fully lit).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57a4096 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"57a4096\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3248514 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3248514\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"422\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_15-API_vs_Power_Graph_NEW_6-9-25_cropped-1024x540.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2343 lazyload\" alt=\"Inout display power versus Average Pixel Lit (APL)\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_15-API_vs_Power_Graph_NEW_6-9-25_cropped-1024x540.png 1024w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_15-API_vs_Power_Graph_NEW_6-9-25_cropped-300x158.png 300w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_15-API_vs_Power_Graph_NEW_6-9-25_cropped-768x405.png 768w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_15-API_vs_Power_Graph_NEW_6-9-25_cropped.png 1026w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/422;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 15: Graph of APL versus display engine power - adapted from [8]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbaa988 e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"dbaa988\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16bfba2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16bfba2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>In AR glasses applications, there is an inherent tradeoff of APL with input power, as shown in Figure 15. For the most simple applications, a low APL may suffice. For example, think of displaying text into the user\u2019s field of view for walking or driving directions (low APL) versus a full color image of same size (Figure 16, right):<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22d5001 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"22d5001\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"127\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_16_Composite-300x127.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2344 lazyload\" alt=\"Low and high APL images\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_16_Composite-300x127.jpg 300w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_16_Composite-1024x433.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_16_Composite-768x324.jpg 768w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_16_Composite.jpg 1089w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 300px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 300\/127;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 16: Low and high APL images - [3]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1edeebe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1edeebe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fab419 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7fab419\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Though optically inefficient, at low APLs microLEDs can consume less power than LCoS light engines. However, at medium APLs microLEDs consume significant amounts of power, above what is typically tolerable for a pair of lightweight AR glasses. And high APLs are not typically possible to display, due to thermal limitations. The power constraints that limit microLED APL prevent most microLED AR glasses from displaying images, photos, or videos, the most sought-after applications for AR glasses.<\/p><p>These APL limitations impact UI\/UX and applications for microLED systems. For applications that require higher than 3% APL, Avegant LCoS has a significant power advantage. For example, if we examine the microLED line versus the LCoS line in Figure 15, we can see that as the desired APL goes up, the power required for a microLED increases sharply compared to LCoS. The microLED power consumption exceeds the LCoS power consumption at approximately 6-12% APL.<\/p><p>Additionally, Avegant has introduced a new local-dimming illumination feature called Spotlight\u2122 technology [13]. When used, this greatly reduces the power required for all APLs while also improving the contrast of the image (see the purple line in Figure 15). In this case, at &gt;~3% APL, the LCoS solution requires less power than the microLED solution.<\/p><p>Note the horizontal line in the above graph defining the green region: this represents that there is a limit to the amount of power and thermal dissipation that can be used in a pair of AR glasses. Due to the lightweight nature of AR glasses, there are thermal dissipation limits to displays. The microLED curve crosses over this limit at an APL of 6-12%.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-385493c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"385493c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d26843 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4d26843\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4.4 Challenge of smaller pixel sizes:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81a35a4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"81a35a4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dde477e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dde477e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In AR displays, there is a continual need to increase the number of pixels into the same size display area in AR glasses. Higher resolution and pixel counts are needed to maintain enough angular resolution for increasing Fields-of-View, which the industry demands. Due to requirements of reducing the light engine size, this results in the reduction of pixel sizes. Avegant\u2019s current state-of-the-art LCoS display engines have 3\u00b5m full color pixels, with all three primary colors displayed in a single pixel by temporal modulation.<\/p><p>Since microLED systems need to use separate RGB pixels to produce full color display, that same 3\u00b5m pixel would actually have to be ~1\u00b5m in size to fit all 3 colors into the same size, or ~1.5\u00b5m\/pixel if deployed as an array. Given the desire to maintain small volume for the light engine itself, the only way to achieve higher resolution is to make the individual pixels smaller. This is a much larger challenge for microLED technology versus the Avegant LCoS approach, especially since microLED EQE falls significantly with smaller pixel sizes (Figure 17). This would also require larger heat sinks as discussed in 4.1.1.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-199afcb e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"199afcb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16522e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"16522e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"625\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_17_Peak_EQE_vs_Chip_Size_RGB-768x625.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2345 lazyload\" alt=\"Decreasing EQE with smaller microLED size\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_17_Peak_EQE_vs_Chip_Size_RGB-768x625.png 768w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_17_Peak_EQE_vs_Chip_Size_RGB-300x244.png 300w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_17_Peak_EQE_vs_Chip_Size_RGB-1024x833.png 1024w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_17_Peak_EQE_vs_Chip_Size_RGB-1536x1250.png 1536w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_17_Peak_EQE_vs_Chip_Size_RGB-2048x1667.png 2048w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 768px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 768\/625;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 17: Decreasing EQE with smaller microLED size [14]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2beed0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2beed0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Combining 3 colors onto a single microLED panel by reducing the pixel size results in the same large \u00e9tendue, but with approximately 1\/3rd the emission area and lower EQE, further reducing the efficiency. If the panel area is increased to maintain more efficient larger microLED pixels, the \u00e9tendue grows, further reducing optical efficiency.<\/p><p>As discussed in 4.2.1, microLED architectures suffer from significant \u00e9tendue loss due to the large emission area and Lambertian emission angles of the light source. The large emission angles require the use of micro lenses above the LEDs to attempt better capture of the source. However, micro lenses do not change the \u00e9tendue of the panel, so the fundamental \u00e9tendue mismatch of the system remains.<\/p><p>These micro lenses need to have a significantly larger pitch than the microLED pitch in order to effectively capture emitted light; in fact, it is recommended that the micro lens pitch should be at least 3x greater than the microLED (pixel) pitch for best efficiency. [15] This makes the overall panel larger than the theoretical size of the panel based on the LED pitch, as shown below in Figure 18.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4361eae e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4361eae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-844f310 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"844f310\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>It is estimated that reducing microLED pixel sizes from 5\u00b5m to 2\u00b5m would result in a further 40% loss of EQE. Additionally, the micro lenses lose efficacy when the pixel pitch gets smaller.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6cd2ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d6cd2ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"256\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_18_uLEDmicrolens_starting_etendue-768x256.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2346 lazyload\" alt=\"Microns effect on microLED panel size\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_18_uLEDmicrolens_starting_etendue-768x256.png 768w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_18_uLEDmicrolens_starting_etendue-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_18_uLEDmicrolens_starting_etendue-1024x341.png 1024w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_18_uLEDmicrolens_starting_etendue-1536x512.png 1536w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_18_uLEDmicrolens_starting_etendue.png 1800w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 768px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 768\/256;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 18: Overall microLED panel size is larger due to use of micro lenses [3]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8bfa7b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c8bfa7b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7f5dc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7f5dc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4.5 Ghost reflections in microLED panels:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-374be1d e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"374be1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fd5358 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9fd5358\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"271\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_19_New_Ghosting_Image_6-5-25-1024x347.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2347 lazyload\" alt=\"Ghosting caused by internal reflection\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_19_New_Ghosting_Image_6-5-25-1024x347.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_19_New_Ghosting_Image_6-5-25-300x102.jpg 300w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_19_New_Ghosting_Image_6-5-25-768x260.jpg 768w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_19_New_Ghosting_Image_6-5-25-1536x520.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_19_New_Ghosting_Image_6-5-25.jpg 1710w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/271;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 19: Ghosting caused by internal reflections when using microLEDs [3]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-359fee3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"359fee3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As previously mentioned in section 4.1.1, microLEDs suffer from ghosting caused by the back reflection from the waveguide input coupler to the highly reflective surfaces of the microLED microdisplay panel (Figure 19).<\/p><p>Four methods are available to eliminate this ghosting issue with microLEDs: 1) introduce an angular offset of the microLED engine to the waveguide plane, which increases the overall volume of the glasses, 2) use polarizers to eliminate the ghosting, which causes a further loss of transmitted efficiency, 3) adjust the waveguide pupil shape and size to avoid this reflection, which significantly decreases the coupling efficiency, or 4) create a non-telecentric optical system, which significantly increases the volume of the light engine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac257a5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ac257a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5e1a07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5e1a07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Avegant AG-30L2 system is architected with built- in ghost mitigation. As a result, no special design considerations are required to mitigate ghost reflections in glasses systems.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfcd77d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bfcd77d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ebe742 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ebe742\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">5. Cost and manufacturability:<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f469eb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5f469eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f748585 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f748585\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>LCoS, being a much more mature technology than microLED, has significantly fewer challenges in manufacturing, and thus is generally less costly and more scalable.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e8503 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a4e8503\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4590dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4590dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">5.1 Challenges producing full color displays:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1966f0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d1966f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac2cb7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ac2cb7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Avegant LCoS uses single pixel temporal multiplexing to produce RGB images, which is a fairly simple approach. The illumination source time multiplexes the red, green, and blue illumination reflecting off the LCoS panel to produce full color. This is simple to manufacture, resulting in high efficiency, high resolution, and high yield. Liquid Crystal on Silicon backplane manufacturing techniques are very mature, resulting in high yield and low cost. These types of technologies have already shipped hundreds of millions of chips into the market, powering projectors, automotive HUDs, medical, and industrial applications.\u00a0<\/p><p>MicroLEDs, on the other hand, have significant challenges in producing a full color display. The first challenge is that the actual materials used to produce red, green and blue LEDs are different and typically have incompatible manufacturing processes.<\/p><p>As mentioned in section 2, there are several different ways of producing RGB microLEDs:<\/p><ol><li>Using 3 separate RGB microLED panels and combining them optically using an X-cube prism (most common, see Figure 3);<\/li><li>Combining 3 separate colors on the same backplane through die transfer (see Figure 4);<\/li><li>Using a monochrome source LED and adding a color conversion layer such as quantum dots (see Figure 5); and<\/li><li>Growing 3 different color LEDs on same substrate.<\/li><\/ol><p><br \/>Method 1, using 3 separate RGB microLED panels and optically combining through a prism is the method used in the JBD Hummingbird I system described earlier in section 4.1.1.<\/p><p>This method is very expensive to implement, being difficult to manufacture, with low yields. It requires 4 separate prisms with multiple optical coatings and extremely precise tolerances and alignment of the prisms, as well as 6-DoF alignment of each individual microLED panel. Any defects in the prism structure are very close to the focal plane of the display and will be visible as a visual artifact.<\/p><p>Method 2 requires very complex manufacturing techniques to transfer separate red, green and blue microLED pixels onto a single substrate. Separate red, green and blue wafers of microLEDs (typically of different materials) are first produced, and only the microLEDs that pass a performance specification can be transferred.<\/p><p>These separate RGB wafers can have varying degrees of yield and performance across the wafer, depending on the individual materials. Once the acceptable individual RGB pixels are identified from each wafer, they need to be passed on to a new wafer and connected electrically to the new backplane.<\/p><p>This is usually done via pick and place (die transfer), although some other methods such as elastomer stamp transfer, laser induced transfer, fluidically self- assembled transfer, electrostatic transfer and roll-to- roll or roll-to-panel imprinting transfer have been investigated [4]. All of these methods suffer from extreme complexity with resulting low yield, and therefore are high-cost by nature.<\/p><p>Method 3 uses a color transfer layer with a monochrome LED, typically using a quantum dot color conversion layer. This method is also very complex and costly, with several challenges including material stability, manufacturing challenges, efficiency, crosstalk, and toxicity concerns.<\/p><p>Method 4, growing 3 different color LEDs on the same substrate has substantial challenges to overcome. These typically involve using GaN based materials to generate all 3 colors and have significant challenges with red emission efficiency, as well as closing the green gap efficiency. Additionally, they are prone to variations in epi growth, which introduces uniformity challenges for microdisplays [16]. As mentioned before in section 4.4, combining 3 colors onto a single panel will result in reduced emission area, larger \u00e9tendue and\/or less effective micro lenses.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d36f10 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9d36f10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e71883 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e71883\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">5.2 Low yield of microLED systems:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a19ce17 e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a19ce17\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6ae3e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e6ae3e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Recognizing the complexity of producing a full color microLED system as discussed above, one also needs to take into account the generally low chip yields seen for single color microLEDs and far lower yields for full color microLEDs.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Mura considerations:<\/strong> As discussed in section 2, even monochrome microLED panels suffer from visible variations in intensity across the entire 2D panel. This is because each pixel is a separate microLED, and it is difficult to produce a wafer of microLEDs having identical intensity, as shown in Figure 20 on right.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a85b3d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a85b3d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"383\" height=\"292\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_20_Mura_uneven_microLED_more_contrast.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2351 lazyload\" alt=\"uneven intensity of microLEDs across panel\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_20_Mura_uneven_microLED_more_contrast.jpg 383w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_20_Mura_uneven_microLED_more_contrast-300x229.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 383px) 100vw, 383px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 383px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 383\/292;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 20, uneven intensity of microLEDs across panel  [17]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-554944d e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"554944d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16e59d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16e59d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>It is important to note that the above panel was made from only \u201cacceptable\u201d microLEDs from the original wafer, so there is low yield to begin with. Because of this variation, the microLED light engine has to include demura memory to correct for the variation, adding cost, heat and size to the engine.<\/p><p><strong>Defective microLEDs:<\/strong> Even after individual pixels of acceptable quality have been taken from the original wafer, some of them can end up being either \u201cdead\u201d or \u201chot\u201d once placed in the final assembly as shown at right, contributing to the mura issues (see Figure 21, right).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9a93a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c9a93a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"243\" height=\"242\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_21_MicroLED_Defects.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2352 lazyload\" alt=\"MicroLED defects in individual pixels\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_21_MicroLED_Defects.jpg 243w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_21_MicroLED_Defects-150x150.jpg 150w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 243px) 100vw, 243px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 243px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 243\/242;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 21, defective and hot pixels in the array - [18]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd02156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bd02156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e01c5cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e01c5cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>MicroLED color variation:<\/strong> for the same reasons as mura issues highlighted above, the individual pixels on a monochrome microLED panel can have differing colors, adding in variation of color across the field.<\/p><p>These three issues contribute to typical fairly low yield numbers for microLEDs in general. Low yields are the largest single contributor to costs for light engines.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9a7f75 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e9a7f75\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e718043 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e718043\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">5.3 Higher cost for microLEDs versus LCoS:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98eeb70 e-grid e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"98eeb70\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0120a4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0120a4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"367\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_22_LCOS_Frontplane_Diagram.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2353 lazyload\" alt=\"LCoS frontplane\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_22_LCOS_Frontplane_Diagram.jpg 512w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_22_LCOS_Frontplane_Diagram-300x215.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 512px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 512\/367;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 22: frontplane of LCoS light engine [20]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efb52ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"efb52ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>While both LCoS and microLED systems have similar backplanes, the LCoS frontplane is significantly less complex and costly than that of microLED\u2019s (see Figure 22). Additionally, the actual process for making an LCoS array is vastly simpler. This results in an inherently less expensive component when comparing LCoS to microLED light engines. This may result in a permanent cost advantage to LCoS. As mentioned above, semiconductor yield is a significant contributor to overall cost of microLEDs. Some may argue that newer manufacturing methods, and economies of scale should bring down the cost of microLEDs, but the fundamental process complexity and low yields will most likely always outweigh those cost savings.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab381ca e-grid e-con-full e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ab381ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee56373 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee56373\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The complexity of the microLED manufacturing process is represented in Figure 23, showing the steps necessary to produce a monochrome microLED display panel using the pick and place method.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Recognize that the process detailed above is only for making the display panel portion of the overall AR light engine. It does not include the optics and additional electronics (demura memory, etc.) which need to be added to complete the light engine.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae32070 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ae32070\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"432\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_23_MicroLED_manufacturing_process-768x432.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2354 lazyload\" alt=\"complexity of microLED manufacturing process\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_23_MicroLED_manufacturing_process-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_23_MicroLED_manufacturing_process-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_23_MicroLED_manufacturing_process-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_23_MicroLED_manufacturing_process-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_23_MicroLED_manufacturing_process.jpg 1920w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 768px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 768\/432;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 23, complexity of the microLED manufacturing process [19]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f885c70 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f885c70\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52da7e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"52da7e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">6. Conclusions:<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6efd6c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f6efd6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1098c17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1098c17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The key considerations for choosing a light engine for AR glasses are as follows:<\/p><ol><li>Size: The light engine must be small, using up as little space in the glasses frame as possible. While some microLED solutions promise small size, one must take into account the effective size of the overall package, including all accommodations such as heatsinking, additional connectors and memory chips, integration angles to eliminate ghosts, etc.<\/li><li>Efficiency: The light engine must maximize the light delivered to the observer through the exit pupil of the waveguide. MicroLED solutions suffer from fundamental low efficiency due to \u00e9tendue loss, thermal constraints and lack of polarization. The result is that microLEDs are enormously inefficient in comparison to LCoS, thus are limited to low APLs to maintain reasonable power and thermal limits.<\/li><li>Average Pixel Lit (APL) limitations: Due to the optical inefficiencies of microLEDs, they are limited to very low APLs (&lt;6-12%). This limits the use cases of microLEDs to sparse information, not the images and videos that require higher APL. Avegant LCoS has no APL limitations and can display high APL content without incurring power or thermal issues.<\/li><li>Smaller pixel size challenges: For continued acceptance of AR glasses, the displays must become higher resolution without growing the light engine size. Avegant LCoS architectures can continue increasing resolution in current form factors, whereas microLED solutions will require technological breakthroughs to exceed current resolutions in the same size form factor without further sacrificing performance.<\/li><li>\u201cGhost reflections\u201d: Waveguide input couplers have significant reflection back into the light engine. The high reflectivity of microLED panels produces significant ghosting, which requires a large angle tilt of the microLED engine to avoid. This results in a larger engine chamber in AR glasses, increasing product sizes. Avegant LCoS engines have proprietary internal ghost mitigation, which allows for the smallest volume integration with waveguides.<\/li><li>Costs and challenges of manufacturing: MicroLED panels face tremendous challenges in manufacturing, with typically small yields adding greatly to price and complexity. Further requirements to shrink pixel size or produce full color microLEDs add to this challenge.<\/li><\/ol><p><br \/>Despite microLEDs garnering significant attention as new display technology, they have many challenges to overcome to be high performance, low cost and high yield for AR Glasses. Avegant\u2019s LCoS technologies produce high performance, small light engines with high yields, taking advantage of well-established manufacturing technologies to produce smaller, low cost, efficient light engines for AR glasses.<\/p><p>To summarize, LCoS is <em><strong>\u201cthe display of choice for full-color waveguide AR glasses design\u201d<\/strong><\/em> [8].<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8de9633 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8de9633\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-749a643 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"749a643\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"509\" data-src=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_24_screen_cap-1024x652.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2355 lazyload\" alt=\"Table comparing KPIs for LCoS versus microLED\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_24_screen_cap-1024x652.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_24_screen_cap-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_24_screen_cap-768x489.jpg 768w, https:\/\/avegant.com\/new\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Figure_24_screen_cap.jpg 1435w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/509;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 24: Comparison of Avegant LCoS light engine versus microLED light engine for use in AR glasses [3]<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc20039 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fc20039\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c673d18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c673d18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">References:<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec7460c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec7460c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f327745 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f327745\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li><div><em>Augmented Reality Glasses<\/em>. Retrieved April 22, 2025 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ar.rocks\/glossary\/augmented-reality-glasses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.ar.rocks\/glossary\/augmented-reality-glasses<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><em>What is The Use of Waveguides in AR Glasses?<\/em> Retrieved April 22, 2025 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.displaymodule.com\/blogs\/knowledge\/optical-see-through-waveguide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.displaymodule.com\/blogs\/knowledge\/optical-see-through-waveguide<\/a><\/li><li>Avegant Corp (2025)<\/li><li>Wu, Y., Ma, J., Su, P., Zhang, L., &amp; Xia, B. (2020). Full-Color Realization of Micro-LED Displays. Nanomaterials, 10(12), 2482. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/10\/12\/2482\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4991\/10\/12\/2482<\/a><\/li><li>CES (Pt. 2), <em>Sony XR, DigiLens, Vuzix, Solos, Xander, EverySight, Mojie, TCL color \u00b5LED<\/em>. Retrieved April 25 from <a href=\"https:\/\/kguttag.com\/2024\/01\/24\/ces-pt-2-sony-xr-digilens-vuzix-solos-everysight-mojie-tcl-color-%C2%B5led\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/kguttag.com\/2024\/01\/24\/ces-pt-2-sony-xr-digilens-vuzix-solos-everysight-mojie-tcl-color-%C2%B5led\/<\/a><\/li><li><em>Exploring the Potential of LCoS Microdisplays<\/em>. Retrieved April 23, 2025 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.azom.com\/article.aspx?ArticleID=20844\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.azom.com\/article.aspx?ArticleID=20844<\/a><\/li><li><div>Google Glass (2025, May 29). In <em>Wikipedia<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Glass\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Glass<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><em>SID Display Week 2024 \u2013 LCOS<\/em>. Retrieved April 21, 2025 from <a href=\"https:\/\/kguttag.com\/2025\/03\/06\/sid-display-week-2024-lcos\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/kguttag.com\/2025\/03\/06\/sid-display-week-2024-lcos\/<\/a><\/li><li><em>History of Augmented Reality<\/em>. Retrieved April 22, 2025 from <a href=\"https:\/\/codereality.net\/ar-for-eu-book\/chapter\/introduction\/historyar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/codereality.net\/ar-for-eu-book\/chapter\/introduction\/historyar\/<\/a><\/li><li>Energy conversion efficiency. (2025, January 24). In <em>Wikipedia<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Energy_ conversion_efficiency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-wplink-url-error=\"true\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Energy_ conversion_efficiency<\/a><\/li><li>Etendue. (2025, March 24). In <em>Wikipedia<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etendue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etendue<\/a><\/li><li>Zhao, Z., Lee, Y. H., Feng, X., Escuti, M. J., Lu, L., &amp; Silverstein, B. (2024). Theoretical efficiency limit of diffractive input couplers in augmented reality waveguides. <em>Optics Express<\/em>, 32(7), 12340-12357. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2401.06900\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2401.06900<\/a><\/li><li>Gross, A. and Tang, E. (2024), Avegant Spotlight: Developing Segmented Illumination for LCoS. I<em>nformation Display<\/em>, 40: 13-18. <a href=\"https:\/\/sid.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/msid.1499\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/sid.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/msid.1499<\/a><\/li><li>Hsiang, E.-L., He, Z., Huang, Y., Gou, F., Lan, Y.- F., &amp; Wu, S.-T. (2020). Improving the Power Efficiency of Micro-LED Displays with Optimized LED Chip Sizes. <em>Crystals<\/em>, 10(6), 494. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4352\/10\/6\/494\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4352\/10\/6\/494<\/a><\/li><li>Melena, N. W., Wiersma, J. T. &#8220;Pixel size requirements for AR\/MR,&#8221; Proc. SPIE 11765, Optical Architectures for Displays and Sensing in Augmented, Virtual, and Mixed Reality (AR, VR, MR) II, 1176505 (27 March 2021); <a href=\"https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/conference-proceedings-of-spie\/11765\/2584168\/Pixel-size-requirements-for-ARMR\/10.1117\/12.2584168.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/conference-proceedings-of-spie\/11765\/2584168\/Pixel-size-requirements-for-ARMR\/10.1117\/12.2584168.full<\/a><\/li><li>Chen, D., Chen, Y. C., Zeng, G., Zhang, D. W., &amp; Lu, H. L. (2023). Integration Technology of Micro- LED for Next-Generation Display. <em>Research<\/em> (Washington, D.C.), 6, 0047. <a href=\"https:\/\/spj.science.org\/doi\/10.34133\/research.0047\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/spj.science.org\/doi\/10.34133\/research.0047<\/a><\/li><li><em>MicroLED Displays: Measuring and Correcting Uniformity<\/em>. Retrieved April 25, 2025 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.azooptics.com\/Article.aspx?ArticleID=1899\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.azooptics.com\/Article.aspx?ArticleID=1899<\/a><\/li><li>Herrnsdorf, J., McKendry, J, Zhang, S., Xie, E., Ferreira, R., Massoubre, D., Zuhdi, M., Wafi, A., Henderson, R., Underwood, I., Watson, S., Kelly, A., Gu, E., &amp; Dawson, M. (2015). Active-Matrix GaN Micro Light-Emitting Diode Display With Unprecedented Brightness. <em>IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.<\/em> 62. 1-1. <a href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7084141\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7084141<\/a><\/li><li><em>The development history of the display screen<\/em>. Retrieved April 24, 2025 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.leadtekdisplay.com\/the-development-history-of-the-display-screen-a-1019.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.leadtekdisplay.com\/the-development-history-of-the-display-screen-a-1019.html<\/a><\/li><li>Lazarev, G., Friedemann, G., &amp; Luberek, J. (2017) Ultrahigh-resolution phase-only LCOS spatial light modulator, <em>Proc. SPIE 10125, Emerging Liquid Crystal Technologies XII,<\/em> 101250M. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/conference-proceedings-of-spie\/10125\/1\/Ultrahigh-resolution-phase-only-LCOS-spatial-light-modulator\/10.1117\/12.2250531.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/conference-proceedings-of-spie\/10125\/1\/Ultrahigh-resolution-phase-only-LCOS-spatial-light-modulator\/10.1117\/12.2250531.full<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95b161c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"95b161c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1.Introduction Modern technology products increasingly require hardware miniaturization and stringent power efficiency. In the display industry, key components such as light engines and waveguide optics must be optimized to deliver high performance while meeting the size and power constraints of next- generation display systems. In the virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) industries, as [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2315,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2313","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>AR&#039;s Display Dilemma: A Comparative Study of LCoS vs. MicroLED - Avegant<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"For the light engine of AR glasses, there are only two practical choices due to size and brightness required:Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) and Micro LightEmitting Diode (microLED). 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